Bited in CDCA mice fed an HFD. With regard to CDCA, both glycine-conjugated and that the production have been substantially decreased in HFD-fed mice (Figure 4A,B), suggesting-deconjugated CDCA were drastically decreased in HFD-fed mice (Figure 4A,B), suggesting that in between of GCDCA itself is decreased in these mice. When analyzing the correlationthe production of GCDCA itself is decreased in those mice. When analyzing the had been negatively TCA and CA in the small-intestinal contents, the levels of TCA and CA correlation in between TCA and CA in the small-intestinal contents, the levels of TCA and CA had been correlated (Figure 4C; p 0.05). Moreover, we evaluated the levels of secondary bile negatively correlated (Figure 4C; p 0.05). Additionally, we evaluated the levels of secacids in the small-intestinal contents. All of theAll with the 3 secondary bile acids, LCA 3 secondary bile acids, DCA, ondary bile acids inside the small-intestinal contents. andDCA, LCAwereUDCA, were considerably decreasedHFD-fed mice mice relative the controls UDCA, and drastically decreased within the inside the HFD-fed relative to to the (Figure 4D). controls (Figure 4D).Figure 4. Impact of a HFD HFD on concentrations of bile acidsin the small-intestinal contents. (A) (A) Conjugated principal bile acids. Figure 4. Impact of a on concentrations of bile acids inside the small-intestinal contents. Conjugated key bile acids. (B) Deconjugated principal bile acids. Correlation in between TCA and CA. p 0.05 linear regression evaluation. (D) (B) Deconjugated major bile acids. (C)(C) Correlationbetween TCA and CA. p 0.05 by by linear regression evaluation. (D) Secondary bile Final results are are expressed as the mean SD. p 0.05; p 0.01 Petunidin (chloride) Epigenetic Reader Domain manage group. Cont, handle (n = 5); Secondary bile acids. acids. Resultsexpressed as the mean SD. p 0.05; p 0.01 vs. vs. manage group. Cont, manage (n = 5); HFD, high-fat eating plan (n = 5). HFD, high-fat diet (n = five).Cells 2021, 10, x FOR Cells 2021, 10, 3168 PEER REVIEW98 of 143.five. Effect of a High-Fat Diet program on Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides, Cytokines and LPS inside the three.5. Impact of a High-Fat Diet on Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides, Cytokines and LPS in the Modest Intestine Smaller Intestine We investigated the luminal environment when it comes to inflammation-associated molWe investigated the luminal atmosphere when it comes to inflammation-associated molecules. ecules. The expression of anti-microbial peptides such as cryptdinsignificantly decreased The expression of anti-microbial peptides including cryptdin four was 4 was substantially decreased within the of HFD-fed mice (Figure (Figure five). However, lysozyme expresin the jejunum jejunum of HFD-fed mice5). Alternatively, lysozyme expression was sion was decreased within the these mice. Interestingly, the expression of Reg III / / decreased inside the ileum of ileum of these mice. Interestingly, the expression of Reg IIIwas was drastically suppressed jejunum of HFD-fed mice relative to the controls (p 0.001). drastically suppressed in thein the jejunum of HFD-fed mice relative towards the controls (p 0.001). As shown 5B, the immunoreactivity of lysozymes was localized localized at PanAs shown in Figurein Figure 5B, the immunoreactivity of lysozymes was at Paneth cells in eth cells intestine and its intensity was apparently apparently lowered mice. the smallin the compact intestine and its intensity was lowered in HFD-fed in HFD-fed mice.Figure 5. (A) Impact of aa HFD on mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptidesmouse.