Lume; VD: ventilation dead space; WWI: Globe War I. Authors’ contributions WL and JP developed and performed the experiments presented inside the manuscript. JP ready and approved the manuscript for submission. All authors study and authorized the final manuscript.Author specifics 4th Department of Toxicology, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China. 2 Covestro Deutschland AG, Worldwide Phosgene Steering Group, K9, 565, 51365 Leverkusen, Germany.Li and Pauluhn Clin Trans Med (2017) six:Page 18 ofAcknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Chen Wang, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China, Ministry of Wellness, Beijing, China, to support this analysis project by granting the Ph.D. students Fangfang Liu and Sa Luo from Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Respiratory and Vital Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Health-related University, Beijing, China, to execute their theses on the subject “Phosgene-induced Lung Injury” at the Division of Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany. The authors fortunately acknowledge their excellent scientific contributions (for information see references). This investigation was financially supported by the Department of Pharmacology Vascular Ailments, Cardiology Hematology, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany, and Covestro AG (formerly Bayer Material Science), a producer of phosgene. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding WL received a grant from Covestro for analysis on countermeasures of phosgene. JP (retired from Bayer Healthcare) received monetary help from Covestro to prepare this critique for Open Access. There is no monetary interest or any involvement of Covestro that would have influenced the interpretations given within this review.Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Received: 14 March 2017 Accepted: 15 MayReferences 1. Usa Army (2005) Prospective military chemicalbiological agents and compounds, field manual 31.9. US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, January 2005 2. United states Army (1990) Prospective military chemicalbiological agents and compounds, field manual three. Headquarters, Division with the Army, Washington, DC, 12 December 1990. In: McKone TE, Huey BM, Downing E, Duffy LM (eds) Approaches to safeguard the well being of deployed US forces: detecting, characterizing, and documenting exposures. National Analysis Council, National Academy Press, Washington, 2000 3. Heller CE (1984). Chemical warfare in Globe War I: the American encounter, 1917918, Leavenworth p. ten. Combat Research Institute, US Army Command and Basic Employees College, Fort Leavenworth, September 1984 4. Sidell FR, Takafuji ET and Franz DR (Eds) (1997) 5-Methoxysalicylic acid supplier Healthcare aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Workplace of your Surgeon Common, Department with the Army, The Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Healthcare Center, Washington, 1997 five. National Research Council (NRC) (2002). Phosgene: acute exposure guideline levels, Appendix 1 in Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for chosen A2 Inhibitors products airborne chemical compounds, vol two. Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, National Study Council, National Academies Press, Washington, p. 150. ISBN: 0-309-56773-4 six. Gilchrist HL, Matz PB (1933) The residual effects of warfare gases: III phosgene and IV arsenical compounds. US War Depart.