Ity was measured spectrophotometrically using commercially available reagents (StanBio Labs, Boerne
Ity was measured spectrophotometrically using commercially available reagents (StanBio Labs, Boerne, TX). Muscle soreness was assessed using a 10 cm visual analog scale where “0” represents no pain and “10” represents intense pain [29]. Subjects reported their perceived muscle soreness following body-weight squatting (two repetitions). This was done at all blood collection time points.Page 5 of(page number not for citation purposes)Lipids in Health and Disease 2009, 8:http://www.lipidworld.com/content/8/1/Dietary and physical activity records All subjects were instructed to maintain their normal diet, and record their food and beverage intake during the seven day period prior to each exercise test day. Nutritional records were analyzed for total calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, and a variety of micronutrients (Food Processor SQL, version 9.9, ESHA Research, Salem, OR). Subjects were given specific instructions regarding abstinence of alcohol consumption during the 48 hours immediately preceding the test days. Subjects were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity, with the exception of refraining from activity during the 48 hours preceding and following each test day. Statistical analysis For the main analysis, all dependent variables were analyzed using a 2 (group) ?5 (time) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Blood EPA and DHA data were analyzed using a 2 (group) ?2 (time) ANOVA. Significant interactions and main effects were further analyzed using Tukey’s post hoc tests. Dietary and physical activity data were analyzed using a t-test. All analyses were performed using JMP statistical software (version 4.0.3, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Statistical significance was set at p = 0.05. The data are presented as mean ?SEM, except for subject descriptive characteristics (mean ?SD).intake, vitamin E intake, or vitamin A intake (p > 0.05). Data are presented in Table 3.Exercise test data No H 4065 cost difference was noted between conditions for heart rate, perceived exertion, VO2, or respiratory exchange ratio (p > 0.05). Data are presented in Table 2. Blood lactate was increased at 0 and 0.5 hours post exercise compared to pre exercise (p < 0.05), but not different (p > 0.05) between EPA/DHA (pre: 1.78 ?0.31; 0 post: 6.33 ?0.43; 30 post: 2.86 ?0.33 mmol -1) and placebo (pre: 1.86 ?0.33; 0 post: 6.20 ?0.46; 30 post: 2.76 ?0.32 mmol -1). Inflammatory and oxidative stress data Treatment with EPA/DHA resulted in a significant increase in blood levels of both EPA (18 ?2 mol -1 vs. 143 ?23 mol -1; p < 0.0001) and DHA (67 ?4 mol 1 vs. 157 ?13 mol -1; p < 0.0001). No differences were PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27488460 noted for placebo in EPA (34 ?9 mol -1 vs. 28 ?5 mol -1; p > 0.05) and DHA (98 ?12 mol -1 vs. 86 ?7 mol -1; p > 0.05).ResultsOf the 15 subjects who were enrolled in the study, one was dropped due to failure to complete the second exercise test (due to injury unrelated to the study). Therefore, only 14 subjects’ data are included in the analyses. Regarding compliance to capsule intake, subjects were 91 compliant to EPA/DHA capsules and 97 compliant to placebo capsules, with no statistical difference noted (p = 0.276). No difference was noted between conditions in subjects’ dietary intake for total kilocalories, total grams of protein, percentage protein, total carbohydrate, percentage carbohydrate, total fat, percentage fat, vitamin CTable 3: Dietary data of 14 exercise-trained men during the 7 days preceding exercise testingResting levels of CRP and T.