And translation of genes in an open configuration. Although B10 cells are poised for IL-10 production, a final set of T-cell-derived signals is indispensable for the actual secretion of IL-10 and B10 cell regulation of immunity in vivo (26). For example, B cells deficient in MHC class II or the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) are incapable of exerting IL-10-dependent suppression of autoimmunity. These observations, coupled with normal numbers of B10 cells in T-cell-deficient mice as assayed by 5-h L +PIM (20), indicate that while B10 cells do not require T cells to acquire IL-10 competence, they do need cognate interactions with IL-21-producing T cells to become B10 effector cells (B10eff) and secrete IL-10 in vivo (Fig. 2). These checkpoints further explain the antigenspecific regulatory function of B10 cells in vivo. Given that B10 cells require additional signals in vivo to actually secrete IL-10, the current model for understanding B10 cell development now includes the recently characterized B10eff cells described above (Fig. 1). B10eff cells are those B cells that are actively secreting IL-10 in vivo and are modulating immune responses via antigen-specific interactions with T cells. Thus, B10pro cells represent a maturing population of B10 cells, with B10 cells poised to secrete IL-10 but lacking the T-cell-derived signals to do so. B10eff cells, however, are those B cells that have Olumacostat glasaretil price activated the correct molecular program to transcribe il10 and have received appropriate input in vivo to secrete IL-10 protein and suppress immune responses following cognate interactions with antigen-specific T cells. Antigen-specific B10eff cells are thereby controlled by multiple levels of regulation, leading to rare numbers of these cells in vivo and partially explaining why it has been so difficult toImmunol Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCandando et al.Pageidentify B cells producing IL-10 in situ above the background levels inherent in the assays used for IL-10 detection. Consistent with this, it has been possible to observe rare but measurable numbers of B cells expressing IL-10 reporter transgenes in vivo after polyclonal B cell stimulation with LPS, bacteria, or other mitogens (27), but this is facilitated by the more durable half-lives of the reporter molecules in comparison with IL-10 (18). The discovery of B10eff cells was aided in part by the development of a 9-day in vitro culture system that massively expands B10eff cells from mouse spleen B cells (26). In this system, mouse B cells are cultured on highly selected NIH-3T3 cells expressing BLyS and CD154 (CD40L) in the presence of IL-4 for 4 days and IL-21 for an additional 5 days. By the end of the 9-day culture period, B10eff cells are expanded 4 000 000-fold and provide potent IL-10-dependent suppression of BAY1217389 site autoimmune inflammation before or during the course of EAE. These cells are therefore referred to as `ex vivo-expanded B10eff cells’ to distinguish them from B10eff cells generated in vivo. The development of this culture system will allow a more comprehensive investigation of B10 cell biology, as the acquisition of this normally rare population for molecular and biochemical studies is greatly facilitated. Molecular regulation of IL-10 production and the fate of B10 cells Although several studies have described crucial in vivo signals that confer IL-10 competence to B cells, the transcriptional n.And translation of genes in an open configuration. Although B10 cells are poised for IL-10 production, a final set of T-cell-derived signals is indispensable for the actual secretion of IL-10 and B10 cell regulation of immunity in vivo (26). For example, B cells deficient in MHC class II or the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) are incapable of exerting IL-10-dependent suppression of autoimmunity. These observations, coupled with normal numbers of B10 cells in T-cell-deficient mice as assayed by 5-h L +PIM (20), indicate that while B10 cells do not require T cells to acquire IL-10 competence, they do need cognate interactions with IL-21-producing T cells to become B10 effector cells (B10eff) and secrete IL-10 in vivo (Fig. 2). These checkpoints further explain the antigenspecific regulatory function of B10 cells in vivo. Given that B10 cells require additional signals in vivo to actually secrete IL-10, the current model for understanding B10 cell development now includes the recently characterized B10eff cells described above (Fig. 1). B10eff cells are those B cells that are actively secreting IL-10 in vivo and are modulating immune responses via antigen-specific interactions with T cells. Thus, B10pro cells represent a maturing population of B10 cells, with B10 cells poised to secrete IL-10 but lacking the T-cell-derived signals to do so. B10eff cells, however, are those B cells that have activated the correct molecular program to transcribe il10 and have received appropriate input in vivo to secrete IL-10 protein and suppress immune responses following cognate interactions with antigen-specific T cells. Antigen-specific B10eff cells are thereby controlled by multiple levels of regulation, leading to rare numbers of these cells in vivo and partially explaining why it has been so difficult toImmunol Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCandando et al.Pageidentify B cells producing IL-10 in situ above the background levels inherent in the assays used for IL-10 detection. Consistent with this, it has been possible to observe rare but measurable numbers of B cells expressing IL-10 reporter transgenes in vivo after polyclonal B cell stimulation with LPS, bacteria, or other mitogens (27), but this is facilitated by the more durable half-lives of the reporter molecules in comparison with IL-10 (18). The discovery of B10eff cells was aided in part by the development of a 9-day in vitro culture system that massively expands B10eff cells from mouse spleen B cells (26). In this system, mouse B cells are cultured on highly selected NIH-3T3 cells expressing BLyS and CD154 (CD40L) in the presence of IL-4 for 4 days and IL-21 for an additional 5 days. By the end of the 9-day culture period, B10eff cells are expanded 4 000 000-fold and provide potent IL-10-dependent suppression of autoimmune inflammation before or during the course of EAE. These cells are therefore referred to as `ex vivo-expanded B10eff cells’ to distinguish them from B10eff cells generated in vivo. The development of this culture system will allow a more comprehensive investigation of B10 cell biology, as the acquisition of this normally rare population for molecular and biochemical studies is greatly facilitated. Molecular regulation of IL-10 production and the fate of B10 cells Although several studies have described crucial in vivo signals that confer IL-10 competence to B cells, the transcriptional n.