Gnificant differences in DNA methylation in the CpG sites in the vicinity of TSS including the binding sites of transcription factors Sp1, LP1 and CEBPa in preeclamptic placentas compared with that in controls. Previous study in adipose cells [34] and 22948146 our luciferase reporter assay in JEG-3 
cells both pointed out that CEBPa expression was needed for stimulation of LEP promoter transcriptional activity and the methylation patterns of the CpG in the binding site of CEBPa participated in the HIV-RT inhibitor 1 site regulation of LEP expression. As a MedChemExpress ITI 007 result, we speculated that the demethylation in the corresponding CpG sites might influence the binding of the transcription factors, thereby led to the altered LEP expression in placentas from pregnancies with PE. Leptin, the encoding protein of the LEP gene [37], which possesses pleiotropic effects with regulatory function in reproductive maturity and fertility such as regulation of ovarian function and implantation by promoting proliferation and survival of trophoblastic cells [38], has been repeatedly proven to be upregulated not only in preeclamptic placentas [39?3], but also in the maternal plasma of pregnancies with PE [44]. In this regard, leptin must have played an important role in the development of PE, and it is necessary to reiterate the need for further research dedicated to elucidating its role in PE. Our study is so far the first report about the significant relationship between LEP proximal promoter methylation and PE. The small correlation coefficient between the DNA methylation and gene expression data is partially due to the small sample size used in the correlation 15481974 study, which may also suggest that other mechanisms besides DNA methylation may involve in the regulation of gene expression.Upregulation and Hypomethylation of Genes in PEPrevious studies have demonstrated that the hormone hCG [45], estrogens [46], cAMP [47] and glucocorticoid response elements [48] are also confirmed to be responsible for the regulation of leptin expression. As a result, we have predicted that DNA methylation was a potential approach in the regulation of LEP expression. SH3PXD2A, also known as FISH, TKS5 or SH3MD1, located on 10q24.33, is predicted with several transcriptive isoforms. Researches have stated that the distribution of the CGI is obligatory for understanding the functions of DNA methylation [49]. Consequently, current study measured the methylation level of 3 CGIs (CGI74, CGI18 and CGI34) of SH3PXD2A in the gene body besides the one (CGI71) in the proximal promoter region. Interestingly, our results presented that nearly all the CpG sites were significantly hypermethylated in the preeclamptic placentas with high methylation (methylation level in all CpG sites .0.6) in CGI34 region. Prior research has pointed out that the methylation in gene body CGI, unlike the CGI in TSS, is positively correlated with gene expression [50]. Hence, the hypermethylated CGI34 perhaps participated in the upregulation of SH3PXD2A expression in placentas from pregnancies with PE. The encoding product of SH3PXD2A is a scaffolding protein and Src kinase substrates comprised of an amino-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five Src homology 3 (SH3) domains, as well as multiple motifs for binding both SH2 and SH3 domaincontaining proteins [51]. As yet, there are no reports concerning SH3PXD2A for PE. Of all the published data about SH3PXD2A, it is worthy to note the role of the encoding protein by SH3PXD2A in invadopodia or podoso.Gnificant differences in DNA methylation in the CpG sites in the vicinity of TSS including the binding sites of transcription factors Sp1, LP1 and CEBPa in preeclamptic placentas compared with that in controls. Previous study in adipose cells [34] and 22948146 our luciferase reporter assay in JEG-3 cells both pointed out that CEBPa expression was needed for stimulation of LEP promoter transcriptional activity and the methylation patterns of the CpG in the binding site of CEBPa participated in the regulation of LEP expression. As a result, we speculated that the demethylation in the corresponding CpG sites might influence the binding of the transcription factors, thereby led to the altered LEP expression in placentas from pregnancies with PE. Leptin, the encoding protein of the LEP gene [37], which possesses pleiotropic effects with regulatory function in reproductive maturity and fertility such as regulation of ovarian function and implantation by promoting proliferation and survival of trophoblastic cells [38], has been repeatedly proven to be upregulated not only in preeclamptic placentas [39?3], but also in the maternal plasma of pregnancies with PE [44]. In this regard, leptin must have played an important role in the development of PE, and it is necessary to reiterate the need for further research dedicated to elucidating its role in PE. Our study is so far the first report about the significant relationship between LEP proximal promoter methylation and PE. The small correlation coefficient between the DNA methylation and gene expression data is partially due to the small sample size used in the correlation 15481974 study, which may also suggest that other mechanisms besides DNA methylation may involve in the regulation of gene expression.Upregulation and Hypomethylation of Genes in PEPrevious studies have demonstrated that the hormone hCG [45], estrogens [46], cAMP [47] and glucocorticoid response elements [48] are also confirmed to be responsible for the regulation of leptin expression. As a result, we have predicted that DNA methylation was a potential approach in the regulation of LEP expression. SH3PXD2A, also known as FISH, TKS5 or SH3MD1, located on 10q24.33, is predicted with several transcriptive isoforms. Researches have stated that the distribution of the CGI is obligatory for understanding the functions of DNA methylation [49]. Consequently, current study measured the methylation level of 3 CGIs (CGI74, CGI18 and CGI34) of SH3PXD2A in the gene body besides the one (CGI71) in the proximal promoter region. Interestingly, our results presented that nearly all the CpG sites were significantly hypermethylated in the preeclamptic placentas with high methylation (methylation level in all CpG sites .0.6) in CGI34 region. 
Prior research has pointed out that the methylation in gene body CGI, unlike the CGI in TSS, is positively correlated with gene expression [50]. Hence, the hypermethylated CGI34 perhaps participated in the upregulation of SH3PXD2A expression in placentas from pregnancies with PE. The encoding product of SH3PXD2A is a scaffolding protein and Src kinase substrates comprised of an amino-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five Src homology 3 (SH3) domains, as well as multiple motifs for binding both SH2 and SH3 domaincontaining proteins [51]. As yet, there are no reports concerning SH3PXD2A for PE. Of all the published data about SH3PXD2A, it is worthy to note the role of the encoding protein by SH3PXD2A in invadopodia or podoso.