Tion of China (No. 51806046) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M
Tion of China (No. 51806046) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M630350). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
animalsArticleMassive Infection of Lungs with Exo-Erythrocytic Meronts in European Robin Erithacus rubecula throughout All-natural Haemoproteus attenuatus HaemoproteosisCarolina Hern dez-Lara , M anie Duc , Mikas Ilgunas and Gediminas ValkiunasNature Study Centre, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (G.V.) Correspondence: [email protected]: Hern dez-Lara, C.; Duc, M.; Ilgunas, M.; Valkiunas, G. Enormous Infection of Lungs with Exo-Erythrocytic Meronts in European Robin Erithacus rubecula through Organic Haemoproteus attenuatus Haemoproteosis. Animals 2021, 11, 3273. https://doi.org/ ten.3390/ani11113273 Academic Editor: Stefania Perrucci Received: 23 October 2021 Accepted: 12 November 2021 Published: 16 NovemberSimple Summary: Haemoproteus parasites are cosmopolitan bird pathogens belonging to the order Haemosporida (Apicomplexa). A majority on the described species are transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, which inject infective stages (sporozoites) in birds throughout blood meals. The sporozoites initiate tissue merogony, resulting in numerous merozoites, a part of which penetrate red blood cells and make blood stages (gametocytes), which are infective for vectors. The blood stages of Haemoproteus parasites have already been reasonably well-investigated, although tissue stages and patterns of their development stay unAS-0141 Purity identified inside the majority of Haemoproteus species. Nonetheless, they usually harm different organs which makes them vital for bird wellness. This study contributes new know-how about tissue merogony of Haemoproteus attenuatus, which C2 Ceramide Activator parasitize birds on the Muscicapidae. Naturally infected European robins Erithacus rubecula have been caught in Lithuania during autumnal migration. Parasites have been identified applying morphological capabilities of gametocytes and DNA sequence analysis. Organs of infected birds were examined employing histological solutions. Tissue stages (meronts) had been present only in the lungs, where they had been a lot of and markedly varied in shape, size and maturation stage. Description of meronts was provided and molecular phylogenetic analysis identified closely related lineages that could present comparable exo-erythrocytic improvement in lungs. Lung harm caused by meronts of H. attenuatus and closely related lineages is worth consideration as a result of their achievable implications on a bird’s wellness. Abstract: Haemoproteus species are widespread avian blood parasites belonging to Haemoproteidae (Haemosporida). Blood stages of these pathogens have been relatively well-investigated, though exo-erythrocytic (tissue) stages remain unidentified for the majority of species. Nevertheless, current histopathological research show that haemoproteins markedly influence bird organs in the course of tissue merogony. This study investigated the exo-erythrocytic improvement of Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) attenuatus (lineage hROBIN1), the prevalent parasite of flycatchers (Muscicapidae). Naturally infected European robins Erithacus rubecula were examined. Parasite species and lineage were identified utilizing microscopic examination of blood stages and DNA sequence analysis. Parasitaemia intensity varied among 0.eight and 26.five in seven host people. Organs of infected birds were collected and processed for histological examination.