Rs [548]. To cut down opportunities for BMS-986094 Technical Information overestimation of atmospheric contributions, this study corrected Landsat data for Rayleigh scatter contribution only. OWTs had been identified from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance values (0) in B (band 1 TM and ETM, band 2 OLI), G (band 2 TM and ETM, band 3 OLI), R (band 3 TM and ETM, band 4 OLI), and N (band 4 TM and EMT, band five OLI) bands. TOA radiance (W/(m2 sr )), measured by Landsat sensors, have been scaled applying multiplicative (obtain) and additive (bias) scaling components to 8-bit (055; TM and ETM) and 16-bit (05,000; OLI) integer worth ranges (digital numbers or DNs) for transmission and storage in Landsat Level-1 products. DNs were recalibrated to TOA radiance utilizing the standard equation [59], as follows: L = (DN obtain ) bias (1) exactly where L is TOA radiance for wavelength variety or band . TOA radiances had been corrected for Rayleigh scatter (attributed to the molecular properties of the atmosphere) employing an inverse algorithm based on a simplified radiative transfer model presented by Gilabert [60], as follows: Lr = ESUN cos s Pr 4 (cos s cos )1 – exp -r (1 1 ) cos s costoz toz (2)where Lr is the Rayleigh path radiance for band , ESUN will be the imply solar exo-atmospheric irradiance for band , Pr could be the Rayleigh phase function, s will be the solar zenith angle in degrees, may be the satellite viewing angle in degrees (equal to 0 for Landsat four, 5, and 7 pictures and for nadir-looking Landsat 8 photos), r is the Rayleigh optical thickness, and toz and toz are upward and downward ozone transmittance, respectively. The Rayleigh phase function (Pr ) [61,62] describes the angular distribution of scattered light and was calculated as follows: Pr = three 1- 3 1 cos2 4 1 2 1 2 (3)exactly where will be the scattering angle (180 – s ), = /(2 – ), and would be the depolarization element that denotes the polarization of anisotropic particles at suitable angles–dependent on the wavelength, atmospheric pressure (continuous), and air mass (continuous) [63,64]. Rayleigh optical thickness (r ) [65,66] was calculated as follows: r = 0.008569-4 1 0.0113-2 0.00013-4 Ozone transmittance (toz and toz ) [67] have been calculated as follows: toz = exp(-oz ) (5) (4)Remote Sens. 2021, 13,five oftoz = exp-oz cos s(six)where oz may be the ozone optical thickness, as calculated by [68]. Lr was subtracted from L for every single band to identify Rayleigh-corrected TOA ^ radiance (L) as follows: ^ L = L – Lr (7) ^ L was then converted to unitless TOA reflectance (; 0) for each and every band to avoid problems concerning shifts in the solar zenith angle as a result of latitude and time of year, as follows: = ^ d2 ESUN cos s (8)where d will be the Earth un distance in astronomical units. Lake boundaries had been delineated from Level-2 images using the dynamic surface water extent (DSWE) model developed by Jones [69] and adapted by DeVries et al. [70]. Contiguous groups of pixels identified as water by the DSWE model were vectorized with out polygon simplification (i.e., lake vector boundaries matched the pixel boundaries), and the vectors had been then buffered inwards by 15 m (0.5 pixel width) to lessen the spectral effects of edge pixels exactly where the reflectances of vegetation and shallow depths mix using the reflectance of water. Only buffered lake polygons 4.five ha (50 pixels) had been utilized in this study to PSB-603 Technical Information additional reduce the spectral effects of edge pixels. In every buffered lake polygon, pixels identified as having a high probability of cloud or cloud shadow within the pixel excellent assessment band, provided with Lev.