Ologies. The resulting wireless technologies have different capacities, plus the suitable application of every single technology depends on a particular deployment scenario. Consequently, wireless systems need to be well-classified for powerful application and functionality. In [152], wireless systems were classified, and also the state of wireless access was discussed. Furthermore, how future wireless technologies can assistance broadband wireless access services was thought of. Note that, for ubiquitous and flexible connections, there must be a seamless convergence of wireless and high-speed fiber networks. Therefore, a wide selection of optical transport schemes that could help 5G FWA use circumstances was regarded as in [5,8,11,237]. A review of the key attributes of your evolving passive optical network (PON) and the fourth-generation (4G) mobile broadband technologies were presented in [28]. In addition to, viable strategies to leverage each access schemes to be able to achieve a hybrid fiber-wireless network were discussed.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,three ofFurthermore, in [29], a unified cable and wireless cellular access network was proposed by employing the infrastructure of hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) cable network as the fiber fronthaul network for the cellular wireless services. In addition, to facilitate the effective operation from the unified network, a remote speedy Fourier transform (R-FFT) node was presented. This performs physical (PHY) layer processing and assists in ensuring that the LTE and the DOCSIS are according to a shared FFT module. Moreover, means of reducing the fronthaul bitrate needs and supporting statistical multiplexing by way of the caching of repetitive quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols within the R-FFT node had been proposed. The Remote PHY (R-PHY) and Remote MACPHY (R-MACPHY) modular cable access network IEM-1460 medchemexpress architectures have been compared in [30]. Within the former architecture, the PHY layer processing is implemented inside the remote node (RN) which is close for the cable modems (CMs), and for the upstream transmissions, the medium access control (MAC) layer processing is handled within the headend, whilst for the latter architecture, both PHY and MAC layers are processed in the RN. In addition to, analytical delay models were created for polling-based MAC with gated bandwidth allocation in both architectures. Likewise, it has been identified that seamless convergence of optical and wireless access technologies, termed hybrid fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks, has the possible of supporting a plethora of emerging and future broadband solutions and applications around the similar infrastructure. Consequently, the main enabling optical and wireless technologies together with their corresponding responsibilities within the emerging FiWi access networks have been explained in [31]. Additionally, the require for helpful style with the future FiWi network architectures and protocols had been examined. In addition to, the radio-over-fiber (RoF) and Methyl jasmonate Epigenetic Reader Domain radio-and-fiber (R F) testbeds have been highlighted. Furthermore, the future possibilities and challenges relating to integrated path selection, hybrid MAC protocols, bandwidth allocation, integrated channel assignment, wireless frame aggregation, optical burst assembly, and flow and congestion manage had been outlined. In addition to, a concept that focuses on the realization of a unified Web protocol/digital video broadcasting (IP/DVB) networking platform for always-on connectivity and triple-play solutions was presented in [32]. In this, by exploiting the advances of DVB and the s.