Me. A prospective study over a period of time is recommended to provide pattern of contraceptive practice over time in the community.Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.Authors’ contributionsAt the time when this study was conducted, E.O.O. was a student pursuing LY294002 price Master of Public Health, under the fnins.2015.00094 supervision of L.S. E.O.O. was responsible for data collection, capturing and was the project leader, and contributed to 50 of this article. L.S. supervised data collection, cleaned and analysed data; conceptualised the article and reanalysed data for the purpose of publishing; and contributed to 50 of this article production.StrengthsThe most important strength of this study is the fact that it highlights the contraceptive practices of women who seek TOP in public hospitals. This information can be used to design intervention programmes specifically for women who seek TOP, in order for them to adopt a new behaviour of preventing unwanted pregnancy. Therefore, it adds to the existing body of knowledge and helps to fill the literature on contraceptive practices among women seeking TOP in South Africa.
Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) can cause various infections, like septicemia, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and tissue PD150606 chemical information abscesses.1,2 In Taiwan, primary liver abscess is mainly caused by KP with diverse virulence determinants, like K1 jir.2012.0140 or K2 capsular serotype, hypermucoviscosity (HV) phenotype, as well as the plasmid-borne regulator of mucoid phenotype A (rmpA) and rmpA2 (a transcriptional activator) genes.1-7 The HV phenotype was correlated with high serum resistance of KP.3 Isolates with rmpA and HV phenotype were highly virulent in the mouse lethality tests.7 We previously discovered the prevalence rates of HV phenotype and rmpA of 151 blood KP isolates were 38 and 48 , respectively.1 Among them, 52 (90 ) of 58 HV-positive isolates possessed rmpA, whereas, 20 (21.5 ) of 93 HV-negative isolates carried rmpA. That is, 52 (72 ) of 72 rmpA-positive isolates expressed HV phenotype. The association between rmpA and*Correspondence to: Yin-Ching Chuang; Email: [email protected] Submitted: 08/21/2014; Revised: 01/18/2015; Accepted: 02/04/2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2015.HV phenotype of KP was highly significant (p < 0.0001), however, we could not exactly explain the reasons why some (28 ) rmpA-positive isolates did not exhibit the HV phenotype.1 Besides, Fang et al found that the rmpA was universally present in all tested strains, including invasive and non-invasive isolates.3 Furthermore, Yeh et al. reported non-virulence of some rmpApositive KP isolates from Singapore.5 In similar, Lee et al. found 18 of 56 HV-negative KP isolates carrying rmpA or rmpA2.8 From the above observation, it seems that some KP isolates did not fully express the function of the rmpA gene. Therefore, the relationship between the rmpA and rmpA2 genes and the exhibition of the HV phenotype of KP has remained a mystery. Extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing KP (ESBL-KP) is mainly nosocomial and has rarely been found to be associated with the HV phenotype. In Korea, ESBL-KP comprised 33.8 of hospital-acquired bacteremia and only 8.4 of communityacquired bacteremia.9 Of 435 patients with community-onset KP bacteremia, 33 (7.6 ) were infected with ESBL producers.VirulenceVolume 6 IssueIn Taiwan, ESBL is rarely identif.Me. A prospective study over a period of time is recommended to provide pattern of contraceptive practice over time in the community.Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.Authors' contributionsAt the time when this study was conducted, E.O.O. was a student pursuing Master of Public Health, under the fnins.2015.00094 supervision of L.S. E.O.O. was responsible for data collection, capturing and was the project leader, and contributed to 50 of this article. L.S. supervised data collection, cleaned and analysed data; conceptualised the article and reanalysed data for the purpose of publishing; and contributed to 50 of this article production.StrengthsThe most important strength of this study is the fact that it highlights the contraceptive practices of women who seek TOP in public hospitals. This information can be used to design intervention programmes specifically for women who seek TOP, in order for them to adopt a new behaviour of preventing unwanted pregnancy. Therefore, it adds to the existing body of knowledge and helps to fill the literature on contraceptive practices among women seeking TOP in South Africa.
Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) can cause various infections, like septicemia, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and tissue abscesses.1,2 In Taiwan, primary liver abscess is mainly caused by KP with diverse virulence determinants, like K1 jir.2012.0140 or K2 capsular serotype, hypermucoviscosity (HV) phenotype, as well as the plasmid-borne regulator of mucoid phenotype A (rmpA) and rmpA2 (a transcriptional activator) genes.1-7 The HV phenotype was correlated with high serum resistance of KP.3 Isolates with rmpA and HV phenotype were highly virulent in the mouse lethality tests.7 We previously discovered the prevalence rates of HV phenotype and rmpA of 151 blood KP isolates were 38 and 48 , respectively.1 Among them, 52 (90 ) of 58 HV-positive isolates possessed rmpA, whereas, 20 (21.5 ) of 93 HV-negative isolates carried rmpA. That is, 52 (72 ) of 72 rmpA-positive isolates expressed HV phenotype. The association between rmpA and*Correspondence to: Yin-Ching Chuang; Email: [email protected] Submitted: 08/21/2014; Revised: 01/18/2015; Accepted: 02/04/2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2015.HV phenotype of KP was highly significant (p < 0.0001), however, we could not exactly explain the reasons why some (28 ) rmpA-positive isolates did not exhibit the HV phenotype.1 Besides, Fang et al found that the rmpA was universally present in all tested strains, including invasive and non-invasive isolates.3 Furthermore, Yeh et al. reported non-virulence of some rmpApositive KP isolates from Singapore.5 In similar, Lee et al. found 18 of 56 HV-negative KP isolates carrying rmpA or rmpA2.8 From the above observation, it seems that some KP isolates did not fully express the function of the rmpA gene. Therefore, the relationship between the rmpA and rmpA2 genes and the exhibition of the HV phenotype of KP has remained a mystery. Extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing KP (ESBL-KP) is mainly nosocomial and has rarely been found to be associated with the HV phenotype. In Korea, ESBL-KP comprised 33.8 of hospital-acquired bacteremia and only 8.4 of communityacquired bacteremia.9 Of 435 patients with community-onset KP bacteremia, 33 (7.6 ) were infected with ESBL producers.VirulenceVolume 6 IssueIn Taiwan, ESBL is rarely identif.