Ages for future schistosomiasis control programs for primary school aged children. That being said, these findings are not generalizable to children attending private schools or not attending school at all. Further investigation is needed to explore the schistosomiasis knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practices of students in private schools and of students who do not attend school to assess if they are similar to those from children who participated in our student discussion groups. There may have been information bias during IDI, GD, and FGD as interview subjects may have provided answers that they believed the interviewers expected or wanted to hear. Additionally, bias may have been introduced due to only having a single coder, even though data interpretations and language translations were substantiated with local research assistants. Conducting recreational and domestic activities of daily living in water contaminated with S. haematobium larvae compromises the health of school-aged children in Zanzibar. An important objective of this study was to facilitate improved design of an educational and control program. Urogenital schistosomiasis, characterized as a minor illness typically of boys, along with the lack of formal school-based and community-wide education about disease transmission, symptoms, and treatment can contribute to undiagnosed disease and a lack of treatment among both girls and boys. Understanding community perceptions of disease along with the barriers and facilitators to risk CBR-5884 web reduction behaviors among children can informPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.July 11,14 /Community Perceptions about Schistosomiasis in Zanzibarbehavior change activities and health promotion programs augmented with chemotherapies for an integrated approach in support of the prevention, control, and elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar and elsewhere.Supporting InformationS1 Topic Guide. Zanzibar young students semi-structured topic guide for schistosomiasis (kichocho) drawing and discussion group. (PDF)AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank all the participants who shared their knowledge and their time to educate the behavioral research team. We would also like to acknowledge the hard work and commitment of all members of the Kichocho Behavioral Teams in Unguja and Pemba who are not coauthors and our expert driver Ali “Kichocho.”Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: BP SMA KAM DR SK. Performed the experiments: BP SMA FMA JNA UAM. Analyzed the data: BP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BP SMA KAM DR. Wrote the paper: BP SMA FMA JNA UAM KAM DR SK.
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic virus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family and affecting ruminants and humans. Infection causes abortion in pregnant ruminants and acute deaths in newborns [1,2]. In the majority of human cases, infection is asymptomatic or causes mild symptoms such as fever, headaches and muscle pains [2]. However severe cases occur, characterized by retinitis, encephalitis, or hemorrhagic forms that may lead to death [2]. Ruminants are infected through vector bites and probably also by direct contact with infected tissues or fluids, such as blood or abortion products [2,3]. Humans are mainly infected through direct contact with infectious tissues or fluids of ruminants but vectorial transmission has been suspected in Central African Fevipiprant web Republic (RCA) and Gabon [4,5]. Virus circula.Ages for future schistosomiasis control programs for primary school aged children. That being said, these findings are not generalizable to children attending private schools or not attending school at all. Further investigation is needed to explore the schistosomiasis knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practices of students in private schools and of students who do not attend school to assess if they are similar to those from children who participated in our student discussion groups. There may have been information bias during IDI, GD, and FGD as interview subjects may have provided answers that they believed the interviewers expected or wanted to hear. Additionally, bias may have been introduced due to only having a single coder, even though data interpretations and language translations were substantiated with local research assistants. Conducting recreational and domestic activities of daily living in water contaminated with S. haematobium larvae compromises the health of school-aged children in Zanzibar. An important objective of this study was to facilitate improved design of an educational and control program. Urogenital schistosomiasis, characterized as a minor illness typically of boys, along with the lack of formal school-based and community-wide education about disease transmission, symptoms, and treatment can contribute to undiagnosed disease and a lack of treatment among both girls and boys. Understanding community perceptions of disease along with the barriers and facilitators to risk reduction behaviors among children can informPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.July 11,14 /Community Perceptions about Schistosomiasis in Zanzibarbehavior change activities and health promotion programs augmented with chemotherapies for an integrated approach in support of the prevention, control, and elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar and elsewhere.Supporting InformationS1 Topic Guide. Zanzibar young students semi-structured topic guide for schistosomiasis (kichocho) drawing and discussion group. (PDF)AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank all the participants who shared their knowledge and their time to educate the behavioral research team. We would also like to acknowledge the hard work and commitment of all members of the Kichocho Behavioral Teams in Unguja and Pemba who are not coauthors and our expert driver Ali “Kichocho.”Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: BP SMA KAM DR SK. Performed the experiments: BP SMA FMA JNA UAM. Analyzed the data: BP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BP SMA KAM DR. Wrote the paper: BP SMA FMA JNA UAM KAM DR SK.
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic virus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family and affecting ruminants and humans. Infection causes abortion in pregnant ruminants and acute deaths in newborns [1,2]. In the majority of human cases, infection is asymptomatic or causes mild symptoms such as fever, headaches and muscle pains [2]. However severe cases occur, characterized by retinitis, encephalitis, or hemorrhagic forms that may lead to death [2]. Ruminants are infected through vector bites and probably also by direct contact with infected tissues or fluids, such as blood or abortion products [2,3]. Humans are mainly infected through direct contact with infectious tissues or fluids of ruminants but vectorial transmission has been suspected in Central African Republic (RCA) and Gabon [4,5]. Virus circula.