Assage 1. Similarly the RTG8-M strain gave rise to the RTG8-M-M and RTG8-M-D cells at passage two. Ultimately, the RTG8-M-M strain gave rise to RTG8-M-M-M and RTG8-M-M-D at passage three. The same protocol and nomenclature have been applied for the other strains of this lineage. (B) Evolution from the SNP position status along the lineage. At every passage, the pre-existing LOH regions (homozygous SNP positions within a provided strain) are transmitted to both RTG descendants and novel reciprocal LOH PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044657 are generated. Thus, the RTG iteration increases the proportion of LOH regions in the genome, drifting towards one or the other genotype (S288c in red or SK1 in blue). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005781.gones) in passage two, ultimately reaching 46 of the SNP positions (117 LOH tracts, including 21 reciprocal ones) in passage 3.PLOS Genetics | DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.February 1,13 /Recombination upon Reversion of MeiosisIn conclusion, the reiteration of your RTG protocol perpetuates the newly acquired LOH regions within a clonal manner, increases the degree of homozygosity and expands haplotype combinations in an incremental manner from one passage towards the other. Overall, extensive mosaic genomes of either parental origin are generated, a feature that raises the question on the potential roles of the RTG process in yeast genome evolution.Phenotypic diversification from the RTG strainsThe genomic diversity on the recombinant RTG yeast cells has the potential to translate into phenotypic variations. The SK1 parent is prototrophic for leucine and methionine, but auxotrophic for histidine while the S288c strain is auxotrophic for all three traits. By complementation, the hybrid is prototrophic for all three amino acids. We examined these phenotypes among the 36 RTG strains in comparison with the parental strains by scoring their growth on histidine, leucine and methionine depleted media (Materials and Methods). As expected, according to the segregation in the HIS3, HIS4, LEU2 and MET15 alleles, the RTG strains exhibited growth or no growth on the appropriate media (13 His-/23 His+, 3 Leu- /33 Leu+ and 7 Met-/29 Met+) (S10 Table). Additionally, to assay complex multi-factorial buy McMMAF traits [44,45], we examined the phenotype on the RTG strains with respect to arsenite resistance using the spot dilution assay (Materials and Methods) (S10 Table). We observed that the SK1 parent is highly sensitive to 1.5mM NaAsO2 while the S288c parent is resistant. The hybrid strain shows an intermediate resistance between S288c and SK1. Remarkably, the 36 RTG strains exhibit variation in the strength resistance to arsenite, which we scored in five phenotypic categories (Fig 7 and S10 Table). Certain RTG strains (RTG2-S and RTG9-D) resemble the parental haploid strains while others exhibit increased resistance as compared for the parents (RTG9-M).Quantitative trait mapping using the recombinant RTG strainsTo map the causal locus, for each auxotrophic trait, the genotype/phenotype relationship was assayed at every single SNP position by linkage analysis (Materials and Methods). For every single trait, a single significant linkage interval, overlapping in each and every case the known causal locus (a region of 10kb overlapping LEU2, a region of 265kb overlapping MET15 and a region of 219 kb overlapping HIS3, respectively), was mapped (Fig 7BD). Surprisingly, for the digenic histidine auxotrophy phenotype, a genetic linkage at the HIS4 locus was not observed. Examination of the individual RTG genotype/phenotype relationship led us to.