E outer membrane and surface complexes may require augmentation with specific individual membrane proteins in order to overcome the sub-dominance attributed to their low abundance or intrinsic lack of epitope density. Importantly, immunization with AM779 supports that once priming is achieved by the increased antigen dose, recall upon infectious challenge is achieved. This supports continued investigation into the role of sub-dominant antigens, individually and collectively, in vaccine development for A. marginale and related bacterial 
pathogens.AcknowledgmentsWe appreciate the excellent technical support of James Allison, Sara Davis, Ralph Horn, Emma Karel, and Beverly Hunter.NT 157 custom synthesis Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: GHP SMN MWU GAS. Performed the experiments: SMA KER JET GAS MWU JN. Analyzed the data: SMA GHP WCB JN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GHP WCB SMN GAS. Wrote the paper: GHP 1326631 SMA.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) denotes a process in which cells change their phenotype between epithelial and mesenchymal states. This phenotypic change involves complex molecular and cellular programs by which epithelial cells can dispose of their differentiated characteristics, including cell-cell adhesion, planar and apical-basal polarity, lack of motility and gain instead mesenchymal features such as motility, invasiveness and increased apoptotic resistance [1]. The reversible EMT process is crucial in embryonic development for correct implantation of the embryo and later, to control epithelial plasticity during gastrulation and during organogenesis [2,3]. In differentiated somatic cells the tightly controlled EMT programs are normally shut off. However, as physiologic response to injury, strictly coordinated processes similar to EMT can occur with limited duration [3]. E.g. adult keratinocytes can express the EMT-inducing transcription factor SNAI2 (Slug) after injury atthe wound edges for enhanced migratory ability and effective wound re-epithelialization [4]. Ostensibly, the `uncontrolled’ reactivation of such EMT programs occurs frequently in cancer cells [3,5]. In the context of cancer, EMT is mainly discussed as promoter of metastasis, enabling motility and invasion of epithelial cancer cells, and their dissemination to distant organs [2]. EMT programs also appear to confer stem cell properties, resistance to apoptosis and senescence, act 
on immunosuppressive mechanisms, and enhance resistance against systemic cancer drugs [3,6]. All of these pleiotropic oncogenic effects seem to occur late in cancer progression and are NT-157 believed to foster the switch between the benign and the malignant, systemic disease. While a relative coherent picture exists about the onset and timing of the physiological EMT program activation during embryonic development [3], the onset is less clear in cancer. Considering the attributed role of EMT in cancer one would not expect aberrant activation in benign tumors.CDH1, CDH2, SNAI1, TWIST1 in Colorectal AdenomasHowever, this has not yet been investigated in detail. To address this issue, we tested a series of randomly selected benign colorectal adenomas for the expression of the EMT inducers SNAI1 and TWIST1, as well as the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin. Among the many known transcription factors regulating EMT, we focused on SNAI1 and TWIST1 because (i) both are considered as master regulators of EMT and are as such examples for direct (Snail) and indirect (Twist) suppressor.E outer membrane and surface complexes may require augmentation with specific individual membrane proteins in order to overcome the sub-dominance attributed to their low abundance or intrinsic lack of epitope density. Importantly, immunization with AM779 supports that once priming is achieved by the increased antigen dose, recall upon infectious challenge is achieved. This supports continued investigation into the role of sub-dominant antigens, individually and collectively, in vaccine development for A. marginale and related bacterial pathogens.AcknowledgmentsWe appreciate the excellent technical support of James Allison, Sara Davis, Ralph Horn, Emma Karel, and Beverly Hunter.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: GHP SMN MWU GAS. Performed the experiments: SMA KER JET GAS MWU JN. Analyzed the data: SMA GHP WCB JN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GHP WCB SMN GAS. Wrote the paper: GHP 1326631 SMA.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) denotes a process in which cells change their phenotype between epithelial and mesenchymal states. This phenotypic change involves complex molecular and cellular programs by which epithelial cells can dispose of their differentiated characteristics, including cell-cell adhesion, planar and apical-basal polarity, lack of motility and gain instead mesenchymal features such as motility, invasiveness and increased apoptotic resistance [1]. The reversible EMT process is crucial in embryonic development for correct implantation of the embryo and later, to control epithelial plasticity during gastrulation and during organogenesis [2,3]. In differentiated somatic cells the tightly controlled EMT programs are normally shut off. However, as physiologic response to injury, strictly coordinated processes similar to EMT can occur with limited duration [3]. E.g. adult keratinocytes can express the EMT-inducing transcription factor SNAI2 (Slug) after injury atthe wound edges for enhanced migratory ability and effective wound re-epithelialization [4]. Ostensibly, the `uncontrolled’ reactivation of such EMT programs occurs frequently in cancer cells [3,5]. In the context of cancer, EMT is mainly discussed as promoter of metastasis, enabling motility and invasion of epithelial cancer cells, and their dissemination to distant organs [2]. EMT programs also appear to confer stem cell properties, resistance to apoptosis and senescence, act on immunosuppressive mechanisms, and enhance resistance against systemic cancer drugs [3,6]. All of these pleiotropic oncogenic effects seem to occur late in cancer progression and are believed to foster the switch between the benign and the malignant, systemic disease. While a relative coherent picture exists about the onset and timing of the physiological EMT program activation during embryonic development [3], the onset is less clear in cancer. Considering the attributed role of EMT in cancer one would not expect aberrant activation in benign tumors.CDH1, CDH2, SNAI1, TWIST1 in Colorectal AdenomasHowever, this has not yet been investigated in detail. To address this issue, we tested a series of randomly selected benign colorectal adenomas for the expression of the EMT inducers SNAI1 and TWIST1, as well as the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin. Among the many known transcription factors regulating EMT, we focused on SNAI1 and TWIST1 because (i) both are considered as master regulators of EMT and are as such examples for direct (Snail) and indirect (Twist) suppressor.