clinical trials using Pim kinases inhibitors to see if tumor cells will develop resistance through other signaling pathways. INK-128 Finally, evaluation of toxicity will be important as well due to the difficulty in finding the right balance between sufficient inhibition and acceptable toxicity when multiple signaling inhibitors are combined. In the near future research should focus on the activity of Pim kinases and their involvement in resistance mechanisms in order to allow for a more efficient PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19803731 treatment and application. We acknowledge financial support from the FWF to DCa. This work was in part supported by the Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center of 
Global Frontier Project funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology grants to JHY and Science Foundation Ireland 13/CDA/2142 to OB. NS was supported by a scholarship from the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq. HSP was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant founded by the Korean Government. The work at UW-Madison was supported by the Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center of Global Frontier Project funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. PSD, RH, and RH were supported by the British Mycological Society and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome is defined as an idiosyncratic, rare, and life-threatening reaction. The clinical features of the syndrome, including fever, rash, facial edema, lymphadenopathy, hematological abnormality, and internal organ involvement, arise 1030 days following drug exposure. This late onset of symptoms discriminates DRESS from some other drug-induced skin reactions such as erythema morbilliform. The most common suspected medicines causing DRESS include aromatic anticonvulsants, allopurinol, and antibiotics . To the best of our knowledge, there are limited reports of teicoplanin-induced DRESS in the literature. Here, we report a case of & Kheirollah Gholami [email protected] 1 Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 4th Floor, No. 92, Karimkhan Zand Avenue, Hafte Tir Square, Tehran, Iran 2 1 Page 2 of 4 S. Ebrahimpour et al. DRESS associated with teicoplanin. This report is important to enhance our knowledge on severe side effects of teicoplanin. Discussion With respect to diversity in scoring systems and differential diagnoses, the exact incidence of DRESS, as a life-threatening skin reaction, remains unknown. This could be partially because there is no gold-standard test for diagnosis of DRESS, and as a result, the diagnosis remains a challenge and is mainly based on conventional proposed scoring systems. The most common scoring systems to stratify DRESS are RegiSCAR, the Japanese group’s criteria for diagnosis of DRESS/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome , and a system proposed by Kardaun et al. . DRESS is classified as a type IV drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction that is characterized by delayed onset of symptoms. The rising of eosinophil count and non-necrotizing lesions differentiate DRESS from other type IV drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions such as StevensJohnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. In regard to delayed onset of signs and symptoms including skin rash, fever, and enlarged lymph node, DRESS was highly suspected. These findings are in concordance